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Dear Colleagues and Friends,
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Body weight and metabolic health
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Obesity is closely related to the development of various metabolic and chronic diseases such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, all of which increase the risk of premature death.
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In some instances, a ‘normal’ body mass index (BMI established between 18 and 25 kg/m²) can be accompanied by metabolic abnormalities that are similar to those observed in people who have obesity. This profile is classified as a “metabolically obese normal weight” phenotype. Said metabolic phenotypes can therefore range from metabolically obese normal weight, to metabolically healthy overweight/obesity. Recognizing that nutritional factors were determinant of these phenotypes, a systematic review, aimed to gather the available evidence on nutritional and dietary factors and their contributions to metabolic heterogeneity in people with obesity or normal weight. Healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet pattern, dietary patterns to stop hypertension or dietary patterns with a high consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a higher probability of having healthy metabolic phenotypes. Amongst the many properties of the mediterranean diet and similarly healthy diets, are their high content of Vitamin C, fiber,magnesium, calcium and antioxidants; mainly found in olive oil, fruits, and vegetables. Additionally, these healthful dietary patterns are characterized for their low content of saturated fats, and total cholesterol, which also contribute to the improvement of the cardiometabolic profile.
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According to the literature, the nutritional factors that have the greatest impact on the phenotype are the intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, coffee, tea and a considerable intake of vitamin D, magnesium and flavonoids, while excessive consumption of saturated fats, and simple carbohydrates, such as those found in sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods increase the risk of unhealthy metabolic phenotypes.
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